For the ride sharing and chromatic shortest paths, the following papers may provide some initial pointers. Feel free to search the web for others. 1. Ride Sharing. Algorithms for Trip-Vehicle Assignment in Ride-Sharing Xiaohui Bei and Shengyu Zhang (http://www.ntu.edu.sg/home/xhbei/papers/ridesharing.pdf) 2. Chromatic Paths: Improved Approximation Bounds for the Minimum Constraint Removal Problem. Sayan Bandyapadhyay, Neeraj Kumar, Subhash Suri and Kasturi Varadarajan. (http://drops.dagstuhl.de/opus/volltexte/2018/9406/pdf/LIPIcs-APPROX-RANDOM-2018-2.pdf) Approximation algorithms and hardness results for labeled connectivity problems Refael Hassin, Jerome Monnot, Danny Segev (https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10878-007-9044-x.pdf) 3. Brain networks Analytic tractography: A closed-form solution for estimating local white matter connectivity with diffusion MRI https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1053811917310625 A Reeb Graph Approach to Tractography. http://www.cs.ucsb.edu/~suri/psdir/Reeb.pdf